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Sida loo Helo 7 8-Dihydroxyflavone Budada ah oo lagu kalsoonaan karo

Iskudhisyada dabiiciga ah ayaa ku jira baahida sii kordheysa ee cilmi baarista sayniska ee maanta iyo warshadaha dawooyinka. 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone (7,8-Dihydroxyflavone), oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka soo jeeda dhirta, ayaa soo jiidatay dareenka baahsan sababtoo ah waxqabadkeeda bayoolojiga ee muhiimka ah. Cilmi-baarayaasha sayniska iyo shirkadaha, waxaa muhiim ah in la helo alaab-qeybiyeyaal lagu kalsoonaan karo oo ah 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Powder. Budada 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone ee ay bixiso Suzhou Myland ayaa lehlambarka CAS ee 38183-03-8 iyo nadiif ah ilaa 98%, oo ku siinaya doorasho la aamini karo.

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone(sidoo kale loo yaqaan 7,8-DHF ama proflavonoid) waa unug dabiici ah oo ka tirsan fasalka flavonoid ee xeryahooda. Laga helay caleemaha Godmania aesculifolia, Tridax procumbens iyo primula.

7,8-DHF waa iskudhis organic ah oo leh caanaha molecular C15H10O4. Waxay ku milmaysaa dareeraha organic waxayna leedahay midabka sifada, urta iyo dhadhanka la xidhiidha xeryahooda flavonoids.

7,8-DHF waxay u soo baxday sidii xarun nootropic ah oo rajo leh. Waxay muujisay saameyno kala duwan oo neuropharmacological ah oo ku saabsan daraasadaha hore, oo ay ku jiraan hagaajinta xusuusta, kor u qaadista neurogenesis iyo ka hortagga neurodegeneration.

Sida awood yar oo door ah agonist molecule yar ee tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), proflavin wuxuu muujiyay waxtarka noocyada xayawaanka ee cudurada kala duwan, oo uu ku jiro cudurka Alzheimers.

Flavonoids waa nooc ka mid ah xeryahooda polyphenolic ee laga helo noocyo kala duwan oo miro, khudaar ah, iyo ilo kale oo dhir ah. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxay heleen fiiro gaar ah sababtoo ah antioxidant, anti-bararka, iyo sifooyinka neuroprotective.

Xeryahooda ayaa lagu muujiyay inay saameyn faa'iido leh ku leeyihiin maskaxda, oo ay ku jiraan kor u qaadista shaqada garashada iyo ka hortagga cudurrada neurodegenerative. 7,8-DHF waa mid ka mid ah xeryahooda polyphenolic ee ugu caansan oo helaya dareenka sii kordhaya ee nootropic. Waxaa lagu bartay saamaynta ay ku yeelan karto niyadda, xusuusta, waxbarashada, welwelka, iyo hawlaha kale ee garashada.

Saamaynta neerfaha ee 7,8-DHF waxaa loo maleynayaa in ay dhexdhexaadinayso isdhexgalka ay la leedahay soo-dhoweeyayaal gaar ah. Waxaa la ogaaday inay tahay TrkA, soo-dhoweeye ku lug leh calaamadaha koritaanka dareemayaasha oo muhiim u ah badbaadada neerfaha iyo caagagga.

7,8-DHF waxay u shaqeysaa iyada oo xakameynaysa muujinta soo-dhoweeyayaasha kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan subunits reseptor glutamate iyo BDNF. Waxa kale oo ay saamaysaa samaynta synapse, dheef-shiid kiimikaadka tamarta, iyo sii daynta acetylcholine ee meelaha maskaxda qaarkood.

Cilmi-baadhis ku saabsan 7,8-dihydroxyflavone ayaa ku fiday saamaynta ay ku leedahay caafimaadka bini'aadamka, gaar ahaan eegaya sida ay u ekayso waxqabadka maskaxda-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), borotiinka lagama maarmaanka u ah badbaadada neerfaha iyo shaqada. ee borotiinka.

Marka la eego adeegsigeeda, 7,8-DHF ayaa loo sahamiyay codsiyada suurtagalka ah ee daaweynta cudurrada neerfaha sababtoo ah awoodda ay u leedahay inay dhex gasho xannibaadda dhiigga-maskaxda.

Waa maxay budada 7 8-Dihydroxyflavone

Waa maxay Ilaha ugu Wanaagsan ee 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone?

 

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone waxay si dabiici ah ugu dhacdaa ilo cunto oo dhir ah oo kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan:

●Miraha: tufaaxa, berry, canabka iyo liinta

●Khudaarta: basasha, kaluunka, broccoli iyo isbinaajka

● Dhirta: dhir, dhir, iyo oregano

Marka lagu daro ilahan dabiiciga ah, 7,8-DHF sidoo kale waxaa lagu heli karaa foomka kabka ee ku habboon iyo isticmaalka la qorsheeyay.

7 8-Dihydroxyflavone vs. Flavonoids kale: Waa maxay faraqa u dhexeeya?

 

Wax ka baro flavonoids

Flavonoids waa xeryahooda polyphenolic kuwaas oo door muhiim ah ka ciyaara midabaynta dhirta, shaandhaynta UV, iyo caabbinta cudurada. Waxay u kala qaybsan yihiin dhawr qaybood, oo ay ku jiraan flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, iyo anthocyanins. Fasal kastaa wuxuu leeyahay qaabab kiimiko oo kala duwan iyo hawlo bayooloji ah, taasoo keentay faa'iidooyin caafimaad oo kala duwan.

Waa maxay 7,8-dihydroxyflavone?

7,8-Dihydroxyflavone waa nooc gaar ah oo flavonoid ah oo ka tirsan fasalka hoose ee flavonoid. Qaab dhismeedkeeda kiimikaad waxay leedahay laba kooxood oo hydroxyl ah oo ku kala yaal jagooyinka 7 iyo 8 ee laf dhabarta flavonoid, taas oo ka masuul ah sifooyinkeeda gaarka ah. Xaruntan ayaa ugu horrayn laga helaa dhirta sida dioscorea (yam) waxaana lagu bartay saamaynta ay ku yeelan karto neuroprotective, sifooyinka ka hortagga bararka, iyo kobcinta garashada.

Farqiga Muhiimka ah ee u dhexeeya 7,8-DHF iyo Flavonoids kale

1. Qaab dhismeedka kiimikada

Farqiga ugu cad ee u dhexeeya 7,8-DHF iyo flavonoids kale waa qaabdhismeedka kiimikada. Inkasta oo flavonoids badan ay wadaagaan laf dhabarta caadiga ah, joogitaanka kooxaha hydroxyl ee meelo gaar ah waxay si weyn u saameyn kartaa dhaqdhaqaaqooda bayooloji. Tusaale ahaan, quercetin, oo ah flavonol si fiican loo yaqaan, ayaa leh nidaamyo kala duwan oo kooxo hydroxyl ah, taas oo saameynaysa milmaheeda iyo isdhexgalka bartilmaameedyada noolaha.

2. Dhaqdhaqaaqa nafleyda

7,8-DHF ayaa la muujiyay in uu leeyahay hawlo bayooloji oo gaar ah marka loo eego flavonoids kale. Cilmi-baaristu waxay muujinaysaa in ay hawlgeliso dariiqa calaamadaynta maskaxda-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), taas oo muhiim u ah badbaadada neerfaha, koritaanka iyo kala duwanaanta. Habkani wuxuu si gaar ah muhiim ugu yahay xaaladaha cudurada neerfaha iyo hoos u dhaca garashada.

Taas bedelkeeda, flavonoids-ka kale sida catekins (laga helo shaaha cagaaran) iyo anthocyanins (laga helo berry) waxay u shaqeeyaan ugu horrayn iyada oo loo marayo firfircoonida antioxidant, xoqidda xagjirnimada xorta ah iyo yaraynta cadaadiska oksaydhka. Inkasta oo guryahani ay faa'iido leeyihiin, waxaa laga yaabaa inaysan si toos ah u saameynin arrimaha neurotrophic si la mid ah 7,8-DHF.

3. Bioavailability

Bioavailability waxa loola jeedaa xadka iyo heerka ay ka kooban tahay qayb firfircoon ama unug firfircoon oo la nuugo oo laga helo goobta ficilka. 7,8-DHF waxay muujisay bioavailability wanaagsan ee daraasadaha xayawaanka, taas oo muujinaysa in ay si hufan uga gudbi karto xannibaadda dhiigga-maskaxda, taas oo muhiim u ah saameynteeda neuroprotective.

Taas bedelkeeda, bioavailability ee flavonoids kale aad ayey u kala duwanaan kartaa. Tusaale ahaan, inkasta oo quercetin si weyn loo isticmaalo, nuugista inta badan waa xaddidan tahay sababtoo ah dheef-shiid kiimikaad degdeg ah. Kala duwanaanshahan bioavailability wuxuu saameeyaa waxtarka xeryahooda si loo gaaro natiijooyinka caafimaad ee la rabo.

7 8 shaqada dihydroxyflavone ee aadanaha

7,8 dihydroxyflavone shaqada ee aadanaha

 

7,8-DHF habka ficilka: Xeerka BDNF iyo firfircoonida soo-dhoweynta Trkb

Marka la eego habka ficilka, 7,8-DHF waxaa loo yaqaanaa in ay kor u qaaddo wax soo saarka BDNF (maskaxda ka soo jeeda neurotrophic factor) iyada oo la xirayo oo la kicinayo soo-dhoweeyaha TrkB. Adigoon helin farsamo aad u fara badan, tani waxay iyaduna keentaa dhaqdhaqaaqyo unugyo ah oo faa'iido u leh ilaalinta shaqada saxda ah ee neerfaha iyo kor u qaadista neurogenesis.

7,8-DHF qaab hawleedka ugu muhiimsan:

(1) Maskax-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) iyo doorkeeda neuroplasticity

Iyada oo la ogaaday in qodobka neurotrophic ee maskaxda ka soo jeeda (BDNF) uu hoos u dhacay cudurrada neurodegenerative, gaar ahaan cudurka Alzheimers (AD), muhiimadda ay u leedahay ilaalinta iyo kor u qaadida caafimaadka maskaxda ayaa si isa soo taraysa u muuqda.

BDNF waxay muhiim u tahay hawlo kala duwan oo neerfaha ah maadaama ay kor u qaadayso gudbinta synaptik, synaptogenesis, iyo balaastikada synaptika iyada oo loo marayo calaamadaynta qaboojiyeyaasha TrkB. Tani waxay ka dhigaysaa dariiqa calaamadaynta BDNF-TrkB bartilmaameed rajo leh oo loogu talagalay horumarinta waxqabadyada daaweynta ee loogu talagalay la dagaallanka cudurrada neurodegenerative.

(2) Tropomyosin receptor kinase B (Trkb) receptor dariiqa calaamadaynta

Qaboojiyaha tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaara dhexdhexaadinta saameynta BDNF ee neerfaha. Sida transmembrane tyrosine kinase reseptor, TrkB waa reseptor-ka aasaasiga ah ee BDNF wuxuuna bilaabayaa dhacdooyinka calaamadaha intracellular marka lagu xiro arrimo neurotrophic.

BDNF waxay kicisaa TrkB si ay u kiciso dhowr dariiqo oo muhiim ah oo gudaha ah, oo ay ku jiraan phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) -Akt, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) -extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), iyo fosfolipase Cγ (PLCγ) -protein kinase C ( PKC) wadada. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah dariiqyadan ayaa gacan ka geysta dhinac kala duwan ee shaqada neerfaha iyo fayoobaanta.

Dariiqa PI3K-Akt ayaa muhiim u ah kor u qaadista badbaadada neerfaha iyo ka hortagga apoptosis. Calaamadeynta BDNF-TrkB waxay dhaqaajisaa dariiqan si ay u kordhiso badbaadada unugyada iyada oo la joojinayo arrimaha pro-apoptotic iyo kicinta arrimaha lidka ku ah apoptotic, si loo hubiyo ilaalinta neerfayaasha caafimaadka qaba.

Dhanka kale, dariiqa MAPK-ERK wuxuu door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraa kala duwanaanshaha neerfayaasha iyo kororka. Calaamadeynta BDNF-TrkB waxay kor u qaadaa firfircoonida dariiqa MAPK-ERK, taas oo iyaduna taageerta korriinka neuronal iyo kala duwanaanshahooda iyo isdhexgalka shabakadaha neuronal ee jira.

Dariiqa PLCγ-PKC ayaa muhiim u ah habaynta balaastikada synaptik, habka aasaasiga ah ee barashada iyo xusuusta. Calaamadeynta BDNF-TrkB waxay wax ka beddeleysaa dhaqdhaqaaqa waddadan, ugu dambeyntii waxay keentaa isbeddel ku yimaada xoogga synaptik iyo isku xirnaanta.

Hababkani waxa uu kor u qaadaa la qabsiga iyo dib-u-habaynta wareegyada neerfaha iyada oo laga jawaabayo khibradaha cusub iyo kicinta deegaanka.

Adigoo u dhaqmaya sida agonist TrkB, 7,8-DHF waxay ku shaqeysaa saameynteeda nootropic inta badan iyadoo nidaamisa BDNF dariiqyada calaamadaha la xiriira, taas oo kor u qaadeysa neurogenesis iyo kor u qaadista balaastikada synaptik.

Iyagoo ku dayanaya saamaynta BDNF, 7,8-DHF waxay ka caawisaa inay ka ilaaliso neerfaha dhaawaca, waxay kor u qaadaa badbaadadooda, waxayna kor u qaaddaa korriinka iyo dayactirka xidhiidhada cusub ee neerfaha. Awooddan si kor loogu qaado neuroplasticity, hagaajinta shaqada garashada, iyo nafiska calaamadaha cudurrada neerfayaasha waxay ka dhigaysaa 7,8-DHF musharrax rajo leh oo loogu talagalay horumarinta daroogada iyo cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah.

7,8-DHF Faa'iidooyinka Nootropic: Kobcinta garashada iyo ilaalinta neerfaha

Marka laga hadlayo faa'iidooyinka nootropic, 7,8-DHF waxay ku shaqeysaa 4 habab oo waaweyn:

Xoojinta xusuusta iyo soo celinta: hawl ku tiirsan hippocampus

7,8-DHF ayaa la ogaaday in ay kor u qaadayso xoojinta xusuusta iyo dib u soo celinta ee noocyada kala duwan ee barashada hippocampus-ku-tiirsan iyo hawlaha xusuusta ee moodooyinka jiirka. Natiijooyinkani waxay soo jeedinayaan in 7,8-DHF laga yaabo inay noqoto nootropic rajo leh, Waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in lagu wanaajiyo shaqada xusuusta ee shakhsiyaadka caafimaadka qaba iyo kuwa xusuusta daciifka ah.

Balaastigga synaptic: awood muddada-dheer iyo niyad-jabka

7,8-DHF ayaa lagu muujiyay in ay nidaamiso balaastikada synaptik iyada oo kor u qaadeysa LTP iyo yaraynta LTD ee hippocampus. Saamayntan waxaa loo maleynayaa in ay dhexdhexaadineyso awoodda ay u leedahay in ay dhaqaajiso soo-dhoweyaasha TrkB ka dibna kor u qaaddo dariiqa calaamadaha BDNF. Habayntan balaastikada synaptik waxay gacan ka geysataa hagaajinta shaqada garashada ee la arkay ka dib maamulka 7,8-DHF.

Astaamaha Antioxidant: xoqida ROS iyo peroxidation lipid

7,8-DHF waxay leedahay sifooyin antioxidant sida caddaynta awoodda ay u leedahay in ay ka takhalusto noocyada oksijiinta falcelinta (ROS) iyo yaraynta peroxidation lipid. Saamayntani waxay gacan ka geysataa saameynteeda neerfayaasha iyadoo la yareynayo cadaadiska oksaydhka ee ay sababtay dhaawaca neuronal iyo cillad la'aan.

Saamaynta anti-bararka: waxay xakameysaa firfircoonida microglial iyo wax soo saarka cytokine

Marka lagu daro sifooyinka antioxidant-ka, 7,8-DHF ayaa la ogaaday in ay sameyso saameynaha anti-bararka iyadoo la bedelayo firfircoonida microglial iyo yareynta wax soo saarka cytokines pro-inflammatory sida TNF-a iyo IL-1β. Tani waxay sii kordhineysaa saameynteeda neuroprotective iyo nootropic iyada oo ka hortagaysa caabuqa-dhexdhexaadinta dhaawaca dareemayaasha.

7 8 shaqada dihydroxyflavone ee aadanaha

Sida loo Helo 7 8-Dihydroxyflavone Budada ah oo lagu kalsoonaan karo

 

Markaad raadinayso alaab-qeybiye7,8-DihydroxyflavoneBudada, waxaad tixgelin kartaa dhinacyada soo socda:

1. Sumcada alaab-qeybiyaha

Doorashada alaab-qeybiye leh sumcad wanaagsan waa muhiim. Waxaad ku heli kartaa dareenka sumcadda alaab-qeybiyaha adiga oo hubinaya dib u eegista macaamiisha, warbixinnada warshadaha, iyo golayaasha xirfadleyda. Suzhou Myland waxay ku raaxaysataa sumcad wanaagsan xagga warshadaha, iyadoo leh jawaab celin wanaagsan oo macaamiisha ah iyo tayada badeecada oo si ballaaran loo aqoonsan yahay.

2. Tayada alaabta

Hubi in alaabooyinka ay bixiyaan alaab-qeybiyeyaashu ay u hoggaansamaan heerarka caalamiga ah iyo shuruudaha ilaalinta tayada. Suzhou Myland 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Powder ayaa maray tijaabo adag oo tayo leh waxayna leedahay nadiif ah ilaa 98%, hubinta waxtarka iyo badbaadada alaabta.

3. Shahaadada iyo u hogaansanaanta

Doorashada alaab-qeybiyaha leh GMP (Ku-dhaqanka Wax-soo-saarka Wanaagsan) iyo shahaadada ISO waxay hubinaysaa in geeddi-socodkeeda wax-soo-saarku la kulmo heerarka caalamiga ah. Suzhou Myland waxay si adag u raacdaa heerarkan si loo hubiyo xasilloonida iyo joogtaynta qayb kasta oo alaab ah.

4. Taageerada farsamada iyo adeegyada

Alaab-qeybiye lagu kalsoon yahay waa inuu bixiyaa taageero farsamo oo xirfad leh iyo adeegga macaamiisha. Suzhou Myland waxay leedahay koox farsamo oo xirfad leh oo siin kara macaamiisha talooyinka isticmaalka alaabta iyo hagitaan farsamo si ay uga caawiyaan macaamiisha inay gaaraan natiijooyin wanaagsan ee cilmi baarista iyo codsiga.

5. Qiimaha iyo wakhtiga bixinta

Qiimaha iyo wakhtiga keenista ayaa sidoo kale ah tixgalin muhiim ah marka la dooranayo alaab-qeybiye. Waxaad ka codsan kartaa qiime-qeybiyeyaasha alaab-qeybiyeyaal badan oo is barbar dhig qiimahooda iyo waqtiyada gaarsiinta si aad u hesho ikhtiyaarka ugu habboon. Suzhou Myland

waxay bixisaa qiimo tartan iyo waqtiyo gaarsiinta dabacsan iyadoo la hubinayo tayada badeecada.

Sida loo helo 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone budada

Haddii aad raadinayso tayo sare leh 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Powder, Suzhou Myland waa doorashadaada ugu fiican. Waxaad nagala soo xidhiidhi kartaa:

Mareegta rasmiga ah: BooqoBogga rasmiga ah ee Suzhou Mylandsi aad wax badan uga barato macluumaadka alaabta iyo taageerada farsamada.

La talinta onlaynka ah: Si toos ah ula xidhiidh kooxdayada adeega macmiisha iyada oo loo marayo hawsha la talinta onlaynka ah ee uu bixiyo mareegaha si aad u hesho macluumaadka alaabta iyo xigashooyinka aad u baahan tahay.

Xidhiidhka telefoonka: Wac lambarkayaga xidhiidhka si aad ula xidhiidho shaqaalaha iibka ee xirfadlayaasha ah oo aad u hesho macluumaad faahfaahsan iyo soo jeedin iibsi.

Weydiinta iimaylka: Waxa kale oo aad na weydiisan kartaa macluumaadka badeecada iimaylka, waxaanu kuugu soo jawaabi doonaa sida ugu dhakhsaha badan.

Helitaanka alaab-qeybiyeyaasha budada ah ee 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone ma fududa, laakiin adoo fiiro gaar ah u leh sumcadda alaab-qeybiyaha, tayada badeecada, shahaadada iyo u hoggaansanaanta, taageerada farsamada iyo adeegga, iyo sidoo kale qiimaha iyo wakhtiga bixinta, waxaad samayn kartaa go'aan caqli-gal ah. dooro. Suzhou Myland waa lammaanahaaga ugu habboon ee nadiifinta sare leh ee 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Powder iyo adeegga macaamiisha ugu fiican. Waxaan rajeyneynaa inaan kula shaqeyno si aan u sahamno awoodo badan oo codsi ah 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone.

S: Proflavin ma wanaajin karaa awooda waxbarashada?
J: Haa, proflavin ayaa la muujiyay si kor loogu qaado kartida barashada ee daraasadaha xayawaanka iyadoo kor loo qaadayo neurogenesis iyo isku xirka synaptik. Waxay nidaamisaa nidaamyada neurotransmitter-ka ee muhiimka u ah habka waxbarashada, gaar ahaan hippocampus, oo ah gobolka muhiimka ah ee maskaxda ee waxbarashada.

S: 7,8-DHF ma caawisaa soo kabashada garashada dhaawaca ka dib?
A: Haa, cilmi-baaris hore ayaa soo jeedinaysa in 7,8-DHF laga yaabo inay caawiso soo kabashada garashada ka dib dhaawaca maskaxda iyada oo kor u qaadeysa neuroprotection iyo neuroregeneration. Waxay yaraynaysaa dhimashada neerfayaasha waxayna taageertaa korriinka neerfayaasha cusub, taasoo suurtogal ah inay wanaajiso shaqada garashada ee ay waxyeeleeyeen dhaawacyada ama dhaawaca ischemic.

S: Doorkee ayay 7,8-dihydroxyflavone ka ciyaartaa hoos u dhaca garaadka ee la xidhiidha gabowga?
A: Cilmi-baarista soo socota waxay soo jeedinaysaa in 7,8-DHF laga yaabo inay hoos u dhigto hoos u dhaca garashada ee la xidhiidha gabowga iyadoo la ilaalinayo cadaadiska oksaydhka iyo bararka, arrimaha caadiga ah ee cudurrada garashada ee la xidhiidha da'da.
Iyadoo la wanaajinayo heerarka BDNF iyo firfircoonida soo-dhoweynta TrkB, waxay gacan ka geysaneysaa in la ilaaliyo adkeysiga garashada, inkastoo daraasado badan oo bini'aadan ah loo baahan yahay si loo sahamiyo saameyntan.

S: 7,8-DHF ma hagaajin kartaa dareenka iyo shaqada fulinta?
A: Daraasadaha xayawaanka ee hordhaca ah waxay soo jeedinayaan in 7,8-DHF laga yaabo inay wanaajiso dareenka iyo shaqada fulinta iyada oo kor u qaadeysa nidaamka neurotransmitter iyo isku xirka neerfaha ee gobollada maskaxda ee ku lug leh hababkan.

Afeef: Maqaalkani waxa loogu talagalay macluumaadka guud oo keliya mana aha in loo fasirto talo caafimaad. Qaar ka mid ah macluumaadka boostada blogku waxay ka yimaadaan internetka oo maaha kuwo xirfad leh. Website-kani waxa uu masuul ka yahay oo kaliya kala soocida, habaynta iyo tafatirka maqaalada. Ujeedada gudbinta macluumaad dheeraad ah macnaheedu maaha inaad ku raacsan tahay aragtideeda ama aad xaqiijiso xaqiiqada waxa ku jira. Had iyo jeer la tasho xirfadle daryeel caafimaad ka hor intaadan isticmaalin wax kaabis ah ama aadan isbeddel ku samayn nidaamka daryeelka caafimaadkaaga.


Waqtiga boostada: Oct-16-2024